When purifying proteins under native conditions using pH elution, we recommend preparing buffers as indicated below.

1X Equilibration buffer (pH 7.4)
50 mM sodium phosphate
300 mM NaCl

1X Elution Buffer—pH elution (pH 5.0)*
50 mM sodium acetate
300 mM NaCl

*This buffer should be made fresh before use.

General considerations

Applications

Mini-scale protein purification is ideal for any of the following:

• Checking for a his-tagged protein
• Determining expression levels
• Testing buffer conditions
  
  

  IMPORTANT: This protocol is not intended for obtaining highly purified his-tagged protein samples.

  • Recommended tubes or spin columns
    This procedure involves adding a small amount of TALON resin to a clarified crude cell lysate in a microfuge tube. You can also use TALON Spin Columns.
  • Analysis of results
    We recommend that you set aside a sample after each critical step of the procedure, and analyze all samples by SDS-PAGE.

Protocol

1. Transfer 1 ml of expression culture to a 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tube.
2. Centrifuge at 14,000 rpm for 2 min.
3. Remove and discard supernatant.
4. Add 0.5 ml of Equilibration Buffer (pH 8.0).
5. Vortex until the cell pellet is completely dissolved.
   
   

   NOTE: You may need to use lysozyme (0.75 mg/ml of native buffer) to completely disrupt the cells.

6. Centrifuge the cell lysate from Step 5 at 14,000 rpm for 5 min to pellet any insoluble debris.
7. Prepare 50 µl of prewashed TALON resin as follows:
   
   1. Thoroughly resuspend the TALON resin stock.
   2. Immediately transfer 100 µl of TALON resin suspension to a clean 1.5 ml microfuge tube.
   3. Centrifuge at 14,000 rpm for 2 min to pellet the resin.
   4. Remove and discard the supernatant. The pellet should contain about 50 µl of TALON resin.
8. Set aside 50 µl of the cell lysate supernatant from Step 6 for later analysis and transfer the remainder to the 1.5 ml microfuge tube from Step 7d, which contains 50 µl of prewashed TALON resin.
9. Agitate the sample at room temperature for 10 min.
10. Centrifuge at 14,000 rpm for 1 min to pellet protein/resin complexes.
11. Carefully remove the supernatant and set aside 50 µl for later analysis. A high protein concentration in this sample indicates a problem with protein binding.
12. Add 1 ml of Equilibration Buffer.
13. Vortex for a few seconds.
14. Centrifuge at 14,000 rpm for 1 min to pellet resin.
15. Remove the supernatant and set aside 50 µl (“first wash”) for later analysis. Discard the remainder of the supernatant.
16. Repeat Steps 12–15. Set aside 50 µl for analysis ("second wash").
17. Elute bound his-tagged protein by adding 50 µl of Elution Buffer to the resin/protein pellet and briefly vortexing.
18. Centrifuge briefly at 14,000 rpm.
19. Carefully remove the supernatant containing the his-tagged protein.
20. Repeat Steps 17–19. Alternatively, if you only intend to determine the concentration of his-tagged protein in your sample, you can achieve a more complete elution and a more accurate protein quantification by eluting with EDTA as follows:
    1. Add 50 µl of 100 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) and vortex briefly.
    2. Centrifuge briefly at 14,000 rpm.
    3. Carefully remove the supernatant containing the his-tagged protein.
       
       

       IMPORTANT:

       • Since EDTA removes bound metal from the resin, protein samples eluted with EDTA will contain cobalt and EDTA, which may inhibit enzyme activity as well as cause the protein to precipitate.
       • TALON resin cannot be reused with the same protein unless it is fully washed and reequilibrated—and cannot be reused with a different protein unless it is completely regenerated.
21. Add 12 µl of 5X SDS-PAGE Sample Buffer to each of the saved samples.
    
    

    NOTE: The sample buffer will reduce multimers to monomers; thus, only a single band will be visible on an SDS-PAGE gel, even for naturally homologous multimeric proteins.

22. Heat samples at 95–98°C for 5 min.
23. Load samples and analyze on an SDS-PAGE gel.

General considerations

For IMAC columns using TALON resin, we recommend a hybrid batch/gravity-flow procedure. This method combines the speed and convenience of a batch procedure with the higher purity of the gravity-flow column method.

• The binding and initial washing steps are performed in a batch format to save time, eliminate extraneous debris, and avoid column clogging.
• After the initial washes, the resin is transferred to a column for additional washing and protein elution.

Protocol

1. Estimating target protein expression level
   If this is the first time you have prepared clarified samples from cells expressing a particular recombinant protein, we recommend that you estimate the protein's expression level in that host strain as follows before preparing your sample:
   1. Perform a mini-scale purification (see the Mini-scale native purification protocol, above), and then analyze a portion by SDS-PAGE in parallel with protein standards.
   2. Once satisfactory expression is observed, proceed with sample preparation.
2. Sample preparation to isolate native proteins
   This procedure can be used with any TALON resin or TALON superflow resin. It has been optimized for extraction of native proteins from fresh or frozen cell pellets.
   
   1. Add 20 ml of xTractor Buffer to 1 g of cell pellet. Gently pipet up and down to fully resuspend the pellet.
      
      

      NOTES:

      • The volumes of this extraction can be adjusted, as long as 20 ml of xTractor Buffer are used per 1 g of cell pellet.
      • A log-phase culture of E. coli (UV absorbance at 600 nm = 0.6–0.8), when induced for 2–4 hr, would be expected to provide ~20–40 mg bacterial pellet from 2 ml of the culture.
   2. [Optional]: Add 40 µl of DNase I solution (5 units/µl) and 200 µl of 100X lysozyme solution.
      
      

      NOTES:

      • DNase can be used without lysozyme—but cells treated with lysozyme must also be treated with DNase I.
      • DNase I reduces lysate viscosity, allowing more efficient cellular debris removal.
      • Lysozyme helps to fully disrupt bacterial walls, and extract high molecular weight proteins (>40 kDa). However, lysozyme should be omitted from mammalian extraction procedures and when lysozyme interferes with your protein's functionality.
      • If the lysozyme solution forms a precipitate, resuspend the contents of the lysozyme stock bottle and add 200 µl of this suspension directly to the cell lysate from Step 2a or (optionally) centrifuge 200 µl of lysozyme solution for 5 min at 14,000 rpm, and add the supernatant to the lysate.
   3. Mix gently, pipetting up and down several times.
   4. Incubate with gentle shaking for 10 min (at room temperature or at 4°C).
      
      

      NOTE: At the end of this incubation period, there should be no visible particles. If cell pellet fragments are present, resuspend them by pipetting the solution up and down and incubating for an additional 1–2 min.

   5. The crude lysate from Step 2d can be applied directly to a TALON CellThru column without centrifugation. If the lysate is centrifuged (10,000–12,000g for 20 min at 4°C), the resulting supernatant can be applied to any column containing TALON or TALON superflow resin.
3. Resin equilibration
   1. Thoroughly resuspend the TALON, TALON superflow, or TALON CellThru resin.
   2. Immediately transfer the required amount of resin suspension to a sterile tube that will accommodate 10–20 times the resin bed volume.
   3. Centrifuge at 700g for 2 min to pellet the resin.
   4. Remove and discard the supernatant.
   5. Add 10 bed volumes of Equilibration Buffer and mix briefly to preequilibrate the resin.
   6. Recentrifuge at 700g for 2 min to pellet the resin. Discard the supernatant.
   7. Repeat Steps e and f.
4. Sample application
   1. Add crude lysate from Step 2d to a TALON CellThru column or clarified sample from Step 2e to any column containing TALON or TALON superflow resin.
   2. Gently agitate at room temperature or on ice for 20 min on a platform shaker to allow the his-tagged protein to bind the resin.
      
      

      NOTE: Incubation on ice will decrease proteolysis.

   3. Centrifuge at 700g for 5 min. Carefully remove as much supernatant as possible without disturbing the resin pellet.
5. Washing
   1. Wash the resin by adding 10–20 bed volumes of Equilibration Buffer. Gently agitate the suspension at room temperature or on ice for 10 min on a platform shaker for thorough washing.
   2. Centrifuge at 700g for 5 min.
   3. Remove and discard the supernatant.
   4. Repeat Steps a–c with 10–20 bed volumes of Equilibration Buffer.
   5. Add one bed volume of Equilibration Buffer to the resin, and resuspend by vortexing.
      
      

      NOTE: Steps f–h can be performed on ice or at room temperature, but incubation on ice will decrease proteolysis.

   6. Transfer the resin to a 2 ml gravity-flow column with an endcap in place, and allow the resin to settle out of suspension.
   7. Remove the endcap and allow the buffer to drain until it reaches the top of the resin bed, making sure no air bubbles are trapped in the resin bed.
   8. Wash column once with 5 bed volumes of Wash Buffer.
6. Elution and analysis
   
   1. Elute the his-tagged protein by adding 5 bed volumes of Elution Buffer to the column. Collect the eluate in 500 µl fractions.
      
      

      NOTE: Under most conditions, the majority of the his-tagged protein will be recovered in the first two bed volumes.

   2. Use spectrophotometric and SDS-PAGE analysis to determine which fraction(s) contain(s) the majority of the his-tagged protein.
      
      

      NOTE: Use a Bradford protein assay (Bradford, 1976) or UV absorbance at 280 nm.
      

General considerations

This method purifies his-tagged proteins faster than gravity-flow columns; however, batch washes remove impurities less efficiently than gravity-flow columns. Therefore, they require larger wash buffer volumes to obtain pure his-tagged proteins.

Protocol

1. Estimating target protein expression level
   If this is the first time you have prepared clarified samples from cells expressing a particular recombinant protein, we recommend that you estimate the protein's expression level in that host strain as follows before preparing your sample:
   1. Perform a mini-scale purification (see the Mini-Scale native purification protocol, above), and then analyze a portion by SDS-PAGE in parallel with protein standards.
   2. Once satisfactory expression is observed, proceed with sample preparation.
2. Sample preparation to isolate native proteins
   This procedure can be used with any TALON resin or TALON superflow resin. It has been optimized for extraction of native proteins from fresh or frozen cell pellets.
   1. Add 20 ml of xTractor Buffer to 1 g of cell pellet. Gently pipet up and down to fully resuspend the pellet.
      
      

      NOTES:

      • The volumes of this extraction can be adjusted, as long as 20 ml of xTractor Buffer are used per 1 g of cell pellet.
      • A log-phase culture of E. coli (UV absorbance at 600 nm = 0.6–0.8), when induced for 2–4 hr, would be expected to provide ~20–40 mg bacterial pellet from 2 ml of the culture.
   2. [Optional]: Add 40 µl of DNase I solution (5 units/µl) and 200 µl of 100X lysozyme solution.
      
      

      NOTES:

      • DNase can be used without lysozyme, but cells treated with lysozyme must also be treated with DNase I.
      • DNase I reduces lysate viscosity, allowing more efficient cellular debris removal.
      • Lysozyme helps to fully disrupt bacterial walls, and extract high molecular weight proteins (>40 kDa). However, lysozyme should be omitted from mammalian extraction procedures and instances when lysozyme interferes with your protein's functionality.
      • If the lysozyme solution forms a precipitate, resuspend the contents of the lysozyme stock bottle and add 200 µl of this suspension directly to the cell lysate from Step 2.a, or (optionally) centrifuge 200 µl of lysozyme solution for 5 min at 14,000 rpm, and add the supernatant to the lysate.
   3. Mix gently, pipetting up and down several times.
   4. Incubate with gentle shaking for 10 min (at room temperature or at 4°C).
      
      

      NOTE: At the end of this incubation period, there should be no visible particles. If cell pellet fragments are present, resuspend them by pipetting the solution up and down and incubating for an additional 1–2 min.

   5. The crude lysate from Step 2d can be applied directly to a TALON CellThru column without centrifugation. If the lysate is centrifuged (10,000–12,000g for 20 min at 4°C), the resulting supernatant can be applied to any column containing TALON or TALON superflow resin.
3. Resin equilibration
   1. Thoroughly resuspend the TALON, TALON superflow, or TALON CellThru resin.
   2. Transfer the required amount of resin to a glass filter with a pore size of 10–20 µm.
   3. Apply a vacuum to the filter to remove excess ethanol.
   4. Add 5 bed volumes of deionized water to the resin and apply vacuum.
   5. Add 5 bed volumes of Equilibration Buffer to the resin and apply vacuum.
   6. Repeat Step e two times.
4. Sample application
   1. Add crude lysate from Step 2d to a TALON CellThru column or clarified sample from Step 2e to any column containing TALON or TALON superflow resin.
   2. Apply vacuum and collect the filtrate.
5. Washing
   1. Incubate the suspension at room temperature for 10 min with periodic stirring to promote thorough washing.
   2. Apply vacuum to remove buffer.
   3. Repeat the above wash (Steps a–b) 2–3 times with 10–20 bed volumes of Equilibration Buffer.
   4. [Optional]: If necessary, repeat Step c under more stringent conditions using 5 mM imidazole in Equilibration Buffer.
6. Elution and analysis
   1. Elute the his-tagged protein by adding 5 bed volumes of Elution Buffer.
   2. Gently agitate the suspension at room temperature for 5 min
   3. Apply vacuum, and collect the purified his-tagged protein.
   4. Repeat Steps a–c two times, collecting separate fractions.
   5. Use spectrophotometric analysis (absorbance at 280 nm) or a Bradford protein assay and SDS-PAGE analysis to determine which fraction(s) contain(s) the majority of the his-tagged protein.